Igumbi elicocekileyo luhlobo olukhethekileyo lolawulo lwendalo olunokulawula izinto ezifana nenani leengqungquthela, umswakama, ukushisa kunye nombane osisigxina emoyeni ukufezekisa imigangatho ethile yokucoceka. Igumbi elicocekileyo lisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini aphezulu anje ngesemiconductors, i-electronics, amayeza, inqwelomoya, i-aerospace, kunye ne-biomedicine.
1. Ukubunjwa kwegumbi elicocekileyo
Amagumbi acocekileyo aquka amagumbi acocekileyo oshishino kunye namagumbi acocekileyo ebhayoloji. Amagumbi acocekileyo aquka iinkqubo zamagumbi acocekileyo, iinkqubo zenkqubo yegumbi elicocekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokusasazwa kwesibini.
Inqanaba lococeko lomoya
Umgangatho womgangatho wokwahlula umda omkhulu woxinaniso lwamasuntswana amakhulu okanye alingana nobungakanani besuntswana eliqwalaselwe kwiyunithi yomthamo womoya kwindawo ecocekileyo. Kwikhaya, amagumbi acocekileyo ayavavanywa kwaye amkelwe kwindawo engenanto, engatshintshiyo, kwaye eguquguqukayo, ngokuhambelana ne "Clean Room Designs Specifications" kunye "Coca ukwakhiwa kwegumbi kunye neNgcaciso yoKwamkelwa".
Imigangatho engundoqo yococeko
Uzinzo oluqhubekayo lokucoceka kunye nokulawula ukungcola ngumgangatho ongundoqo wokuvavanya umgangatho wegumbi elicocekileyo. Umgangatho wahlulwe ngokwemigangatho emininzi ngokwemiba efana nokusingqongileyo kwengingqi kunye nococeko. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yoshishino lwengingqi yasekhaya. Amanqanaba okusingqongileyo amagumbi acocekileyo (iindawo) ahlulwe abe yiklasi 100, 1,000, 10,000, kunye ne-100,000.
2. Coca umgangatho wegumbi
Igumbi elicocekileyo le-Class 100
Indawo ephantse ingabinathuli enesuntswana nje elincinane emoyeni. Izixhobo zangaphakathi ziphucukile kwaye abasebenzi banxiba iimpahla ezicocekileyo zobuchule ukuze basebenze.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani leengqakumbana zothuli ezinobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm nge-cubic foot yomoya aziyi kudlula i-100, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula i-1000. Kwakhona kuthiwa inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli avumelekileyo kwi-cubic meter nganye (≥0.50μsμsμs, ≥0.50μsμsμm, uthuli ≥0.50μsμm kufuneka ube ngu0.
Ububanzi besicelo: Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa kunye neemfuno eziphakamileyo zokucoceka, ezifana neesekethe ezinkulu ezidibeneyo, izixhobo ezichanekileyo eziphezulu kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuvelisa. Ezi nkalo kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iimveliso ziveliswa kwindawo engenathuli ukuthintela impembelelo yamasuntswana kumgangatho wemveliso.
Igumbi elicocekileyo le-1,000
Xa kuthelekiswa neklasi ye-100 igumbi elicocekileyo, inani leengqungquthela zomoya liye landa, kodwa lihlala lisezantsi. Uyilo lwangaphakathi lunengqiqo kwaye izixhobo zibekwe ngendlela ehlelekile.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anedayamitha engaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya kwigumbi elicocekileyo le-1000 aliyi kudlula i-1000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula i-10,000. Umgangatho weKlasi ye-10,000 yegumbi elicocekileyo kukuba inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ezivunyelwe kwi-cubic meter nganye (≥0.5μm) yi-350,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ≥5μm yi-2,000.
Umda wesicelo: Isebenza kwezinye iinkqubo ezineemfuno zococeko lomoya ophezulu ngokwentelekiso, njengenkqubo yokwenziwa kweelensi zamehlo kunye nezinto ezincinci zombane. Nangona iimfuno zokucoceka kule mimandla zingekho phezulu njengazo ziklasi ze-100 zamagumbi acocekileyo, ucoceko oluthile lomoya kusafuneka lugcinwe ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso.
Iklasi 10,000 amagumbi acocekileyo
Inani leengqungquthela zomoya landa ngakumbi, kodwa liyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezinye iinkqubo kunye neemfuno zokucoceka okuphakathi. Indawo yangaphakathi icocekile kwaye icocekile, inezibane ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokungenisa umoya.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ali-10,000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ali-100,000. Kwakhona kuthiwa inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ezivunyelwe kwi-cubic meter nganye (≥0.5μm) yi-3,500,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ≥5μm yi-60,000.
Umda wesicelo: Isebenza kwiinkqubo ezithile ezineemfuno zococeko lomoya oluphakathi, ezifana neenkqubo zokuvelisa amayeza kunye nokutya. Ezi nkalo kufuneka zigcine umxholo we-microbial ophantsi kunye nococeko oluthile lomoya ukuqinisekisa ucoceko, ukhuseleko kunye nokuzinza kwemveliso.
Iklasi ye-100,000 igumbi elicocekileyo
Inani lamasuntswana emoyeni likhulu kakhulu, kodwa lisenokulawulwa kuluhlu olwamkelekileyo. Kusenokubakho izixhobo ezincedisayo kwigumbi lokugcina ukucoceka komoya, njengabacoci bomoya, abaqokeleli bothuli, njl.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya aliyi kudlula amasuntswana angama-100,000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ayi-1,000,000. Kwakhona kuthiwa inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ezivumelekileyo kwi-cubic meter nganye (≥0.5μm) yi-10,500,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu leengqungquthela zothuli ≥5μm yi-60,000.
Umda wesicelo: Isebenza kwiinkqubo ezithile ezineemfuno zokucoceka komoya eziphantsi ngokwentelekiso, ezifana nezithambiso, iinkqubo ezithile zokuvelisa ukutya, njl.njl. Ezi nkalo zineemfuno eziphantsi ngokwentelekiso zokucoceka komoya, kodwa kusafuneka kugcinwe umlinganiselo othile wokucoceka ukuphepha impembelelo yamasuntswana kwiimveliso.
3. Ubungakanani bemarike yobunjineli begumbi elicocekileyo eChina
Okwangoku, kukho iinkampani ezimbalwa kushishino lwamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina ahambele phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kwaye anamandla kunye namava okuqhuba iiprojekthi ezinkulu, kwaye zininzi iinkampani ezincinci. Iinkampani ezincinci azikwazi ukuqhuba ishishini lamazwe ngamazwe kunye neeprojekthi zamagumbi acocekileyo akumgangatho ophezulu. Eli shishini ngoku libonisa umhlaba okhuphisanayo oneqondo eliphezulu lokugxila kwimarike yobunjineli yamagumbi acocekileyo akumgangatho ophakamileyo kunye nemarike yobunjineli ekumgangatho osezantsi ecocekileyo.
Amagumbi acocekileyo asetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye amashishini ahlukeneyo aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamabakala amagumbi acocekileyo. Ukwakhiwa kwamagumbi acocekileyo kufuneka kudityaniswe neshishini kunye neenkqubo ezithile zokuvelisa zomnini. Ke ngoko, kwiiprojekthi zobunjineli zegumbi elicocekileyo, ziinkampani kuphela ezinobuchwephesha obuhamba phambili, amandla awomeleleyo, umsebenzi omangalisayo wembali kunye nomfanekiso olungileyo ziyakwazi ukwenza iiprojekthi ezinkulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Ukususela ngo-1990, kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwemarike, yonke imboni yegumbi elicocekileyo liye lakhula ngokuthe ngcembe, iteknoloji yoshishino lobunjineli begumbi elicocekileyo lizinzile, kwaye imarike ingene kwixesha elivuthiweyo. Uphuhliso lweshishini lobunjineli begumbi elicocekileyo lixhomekeke kuphuhliso lweshishini lombane, ukwenziwa kwamayeza kunye namanye amashishini. Ngokuhanjiswa kwemizi-mveliso yolwazi lwe-elektroniki, imfuno yamagumbi acocekileyo kumazwe aphuhlileyo aseYurophu nase-United States iya kuhla kancinci, kwaye imakethi yabo yoshishino lobunjineli yamagumbi acocekileyo iya kutshintsha ukusuka ekukhuleni iye ekwehleni.
Ngokuya nzulu kotshintshiselwano lwemizi-mveliso, uphuhliso loshishino lwe-elektroniki luye lwanyuka ukusuka kumazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu nase-United States ukuya e-Asia nakumazwe asahlumayo; kwangaxeshanye, ngokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwinqanaba lezoqoqosho kumazwe asahlumayo, iimfuno zempilo yezonyango kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ziye zanda, kwaye imarike yobunjineli begumbi elicocekileyo yehlabathi nayo iqhubekile isiya eAsia. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-IC semiconductor, i-optoelectronics, kunye ne-photovoltaic industries kwi-electronics industry idale i-industrial cluster enkulu e-Asia, ngakumbi e-China.
Iqhutywa yi-electronics ephantsi, amayeza, unyango lwezonyango, ukutya kunye namanye amashishini, isabelo semarike yobunjineli ecocekileyo yaseChina kwimarike yehlabathi inyuke ukusuka kwi-19.2% ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-29.3% ngo-2018. Ngo-2017, isikali semarike yamagumbi acocekileyo yaseTshayina yadlula i-yuan yebhiliyoni ezili-100 okokuqala; Ngo-2019, isikali semarike yamagumbi acocekileyo yaseTshayina yafikelela kwi-165.51 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan. Umlinganiselo wemarike yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo yelizwe lam ubonise ukonyuka okulandelelanayo unyaka nonyaka, okudityaniswa ngokusisiseko kunye nehlabathi, kunye nesabelo semalike yehlabathi jikelele sibonise ukunyuka okunyukayo unyaka nonyaka, nto leyo ekwanxulumene nophuculo olubonakalayo lwamandla abanzi elizwe laseTshayina unyaka nonyaka.
"Uludwe lweSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu yeSizwe soQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso lweNtlalo yeRiphabhlikhi yaBantu baseTshayina kunye neenjongo zexesha elide ze-2035" igxininise ngokucacileyo kumashishini asakhulayo afana neteknoloji yolwazi lwesizukulwana esitsha, i-biotechnology, amandla amatsha, izixhobo ezintsha, izixhobo eziphezulu, izithuthi zamandla amatsha, ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, i-aerospace kunye nezixhobo eziphambili ze-aerospace. itekhnoloji engundoqo, kwaye ikhawulezisa uphuhliso lwamashishini afana ne-biomedicine, i-biological breeding, i-biomaterials, kunye ne-bioenergy. Kwixesha elizayo, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwala mashishini angasentla akumgangatho ophezulu uya kuqhubela phambili ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemarike yamagumbi acocekileyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba isikali semarike yamagumbi acocekileyo yaseTshayina kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-358.65 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2026, kwaye iya kufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokukhula kwe-15.01% kumyinge wokukhula komndilili wonyaka ukusuka ku-2016 ukuya ku-2026.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-24-2025