Igumbi elicocekileyo luhlobo olukhethekileyo lolawulo lokusingqongileyo olunokulawula izinto ezifana nenani lamasuntswana, ukufuma, ubushushu kunye nombane ongashukumiyo emoyeni ukuze kufezekiswe imigangatho ethile yococeko. Igumbi elicocekileyo lisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini akumgangatho ophezulu afana nee-semiconductors, ii-elektroniki, amayeza, iindiza, i-aerospace, kunye ne-biomedicine.
1. Ulwakhiwo lwegumbi elicocekileyo
Amagumbi acocekileyo aquka amagumbi acocekileyo kwimizi-mveliso kunye namagumbi acocekileyo ebhayoloji. Amagumbi acocekileyo aqulunqwe ziinkqubo zamagumbi acocekileyo, iinkqubo zenkqubo yamagumbi acocekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokusasaza zesibini.
Inqanaba lokucoceka komoya
Umgangatho osemgangathweni wokwahlula umda ophezulu woxinzelelo lweesuntswana ezinkulu okanye ezilingana nobukhulu beesuntswana ezicingelwa ngumthamo womoya kwiyunithi nganye kwindawo ecocekileyo. Ekhaya, amagumbi acocekileyo ayavavanywa kwaye ayamkelwa kwiimeko ezingenanto, ezingashukumiyo, nezitshintshatshintshayo, ngokuhambelana "neenkcukacha zoYilo lweGumbi elicocekileyo" kunye "neenkcukacha zoKwakhiwa kweGumbi elicocekileyo kunye noKwamkelwa".
Imigangatho ephambili yococeko
Uzinzo oluqhubekayo lococeko kunye nolawulo longcoliseko lolona mgangatho uphambili wokuvavanya umgangatho wegumbi elicocekileyo. Lo mgangatho wahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba aliqela ngokwezinto ezifana nokusingqongileyo kwengingqi kunye nococeko. Imigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemigangatho yemizi-mveliso yengingqi yasekhaya esetyenziswa rhoqo. Amanqanaba okusingqongileyo kwamagumbi acocekileyo (iindawo) ahlulwe ngokwamaqela e-100, 1,000, 10,000, kunye ne-100,000.
2. Inqanaba legumbi elicocekileyo
Igumbi elicocekileyo leklasi ye-100
Indawo engenathuli kangako enenani elincinci kakhulu lamasuntswana emoyeni. Izixhobo zangaphakathi ziphucukile kwaye abasebenzi banxiba iimpahla ezicocekileyo zobungcali xa besebenza.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm nge-cubic foot yomoya aliyi kudlula i-100, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula i-1000. Kuthiwa kwakhona inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli avumelekileyo nge-cubic meter (≥0.5μm) yi-3500, ngelixa amasuntswana othuli ≥5μm kufuneka abe yi-0.
Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa: Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zemveliso ezineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu zococeko, ezifana neesekethe ezinkulu ezidityanisiweyo, izixhobo ezibonakalayo ezichanekileyo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokwenza. La macandelo kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba iimveliso ziveliswa kwindawo engenathuli ukuze kuthintelwe impembelelo yamasuntswana kumgangatho wemveliso.
Igumbi elicocekileyo leklasi eli-1,000
Xa kuthelekiswa negumbi elicocekileyo leklasi ye-100, inani lamasuntswana emoyeni linyukile, kodwa lisahleli kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Uyilo lwangaphakathi lufanelekile kwaye izixhobo zibekwe ngendlela ehlelekileyo.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya kwigumbi elicocekileyo leklasi ye-1000 aliyi kudlula i-1000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula i-10,000. Umgangatho wegumbi elicocekileyo leKlasi ye-10,000 kukuba inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli avumelekileyo kwi-cubic meter nganye (≥0.5μm) yi-350,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli ≥5μm yi-2,000.
Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa: Isebenza kwezinye iinkqubo ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokucoceka komoya, njengenkqubo yokwenziwa kweelensi ze-optical kunye nezinto ezincinci ze-elektroniki. Nangona iimfuneko zokucoceka kwezi nkalo zingekho phezulu njengezo zikwigumbi elicocekileyo leklasi ye-100, kusafuneka kugcinwe ukucoceka komoya othile ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso.
Amagumbi acocekileyo eklasini ali-10,000
Inani lamasuntswana emoyeni liyanda ngakumbi, kodwa lisenokuhlangabezana neemfuno zezinye iinkqubo ezineemfuno zococeko oluphakathi. Indawo yangaphakathi icocekile kwaye icocekile, inezibane ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokungenisa umoya.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ayi-10,000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ayi-100,000. Kuthiwa kwakhona inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli avumelekileyo nge-cubic meter (≥0.5μm) yi-3,500,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli ≥5μm yi-60,000.
Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa: Isebenza kwezinye iinkqubo ezineemfuno zokucoca umoya eziphakathi, njengeenkqubo zokwenza amayeza nokutya. La macandelo kufuneka agcine umxholo ophantsi weentsholongwane kunye nococeko lomoya oluthile ukuqinisekisa ucoceko, ukhuseleko kunye nozinzo lwemveliso.
Igumbi elicocekileyo leklasi eli-100,000
Inani lamasuntswana emoyeni likhulu kakhulu, kodwa lisenokulawulwa ngaphakathi koluhlu olwamkelekileyo. Kusenokubakho izixhobo ezincedisayo kwigumbi ukugcina umoya ucocekile, njengezicoci zomoya, iziqokeleli zothuli, njl.njl.
Umgangatho wococeko: Inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.5µm kwi-cubic foot nganye yomoya aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ayi-100,000, kwaye inani lamasuntswana othuli anobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-0.1µm aliyi kudlula amasuntswana ayi-1,000,000. Kuthiwa kwakhona inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli avumelekileyo nge-cubic meter (≥0.5μm) yi-10,500,000, kwaye inani eliphezulu lamasuntswana othuli ≥5μm yi-60,000.
Ububanzi bokusetyenziswa: Isebenza kwezinye iinkqubo ezineemfuno eziphantsi zokucoceka komoya, ezifana nezinto zokuthambisa, iinkqubo ezithile zokwenza ukutya, njl. Ezi ndawo zineemfuno eziphantsi zokucoceka komoya, kodwa kusafuneka zigcine izinga elithile lokucoceka ukuze kuthintelwe impembelelo yamasuntswana kwiimveliso.
3. Ubungakanani bemarike yobunjineli begumbi elicocekileyo eTshayina
Okwangoku, zimbalwa iinkampani kwishishini laseTshayina lamagumbi acocekileyo eziphucukileyo kwezobuchwepheshe kwaye zinamandla namava okwenza iiprojekthi ezinkulu, kwaye zininzi iinkampani ezincinci. Iinkampani ezincinci azinawo amandla okwenza ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neeprojekthi ezinkulu zamagumbi acocekileyo aphezulu. Eli shishini okwangoku libonisa imeko yokhuphiswano enomlinganiselo ophezulu wokugxila kwimarike yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo aphezulu kunye nemarike yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo asezantsi esasazeke kakhulu.
Amagumbi acocekileyo asetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye amashishini ahlukeneyo aneemfuno ezahlukeneyo zamanqanaba acocekileyo amagumbi. Ukwakhiwa kwamagumbi acocekileyo kufuneka kudityaniswe noshishino kunye neenkqubo ezithile zemveliso zomnini. Ke ngoko, kwiiprojekthi zobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo, ziinkampani kuphela ezinetekhnoloji ehamba phambili, amandla aqinileyo, ukusebenza okumangalisayo kwembali kunye nomfanekiso omhle ezinokukwazi ukwenza iiprojekthi ezinkulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
Ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1990, ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwemarike, lonke ishishini lamagumbi acocekileyo liye lakhula kancinci kancinci, itekhnoloji yoshishino lobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo iye yazinza, kwaye imakethi ifikelele kwixesha elivuthiweyo. Uphuhliso lweshishini lobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo luxhomekeke kuphuhliso lweshishini le-elektroniki, ukwenziwa kwamayeza kunye namanye amashishini. Ngokudluliselwa kweshishini lolwazi lwe-elektroniki kwimizi-mveliso, imfuno yamagumbi acocekileyo kumazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu nase-United States iya kuncipha kancinci kancinci, kwaye imakethi yabo yoshishino lobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo iya kutshintsha ukusuka ekuvuthweni ukuya ekuncipheni.
Ngokukhula kokudluliselwa kwemizi-mveliso, uphuhliso lwemizi-mveliso ye-elektroniki luye lwatshintsha kakhulu ukusuka kumazwe aphuhlileyo eYurophu nase-United States ukuya e-Asia nakwamanye amazwe asakhulayo; kwangaxeshanye, ngokuphucuka okuqhubekayo kwenqanaba loqoqosho lwamazwe asakhulayo, iimfuno zempilo yezonyango kunye nokhuseleko lokutya ziye zanda, kwaye imakethi yobunjineli begumbi lokucoca yehlabathi nayo iqhubekile nokuya e-Asia. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amashishini e-IC semiconductor, optoelectronics, kunye ne-photovoltaic kushishino lwe-elektroniki enze iqela elikhulu lemizi-mveliso e-Asia, ngakumbi e-China.
Iqhutywa zii-elektroniki, amayeza, unyango, ukutya kunye nezinye izimboni, isabelo semarike yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina kwimarike yehlabathi sinyuke ukusuka kwi-19.2% ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-29.3% ngo-2018. Okwangoku, imakethi yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngo-2017, isikali semakethi yamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina sidlule kwi-100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi okokuqala; ngo-2019, isikali semakethi yamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina sifikelele kwi-165.51 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zeerandi. Isikali semakethi yobunjineli bamagumbi acocekileyo yelizwe lam sibonise ukwanda okuthe tye unyaka nonyaka, okuhambelana ngokusisiseko nehlabathi, kwaye isabelo semakethi sehlabathi siphela sibonise umkhwa okhulayo unyaka nonyaka, onxulumene nophuculo olukhulu lwamandla esizwe saseTshayina unyaka nonyaka.
"Inkcazo yeSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-14 soPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho neNtlalo lweSizwe seRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina kunye neenjongo zexesha elide zowama-2035" igxile ngokucacileyo kumashishini asakhasayo anobuchule afana netekhnoloji yolwazi yesizukulwana esitsha, i-biotechnology, amandla amatsha, izixhobo ezintsha, izixhobo eziphezulu, izithuthi zamandla amatsha, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo oluluhlaza, i-aerospace, izixhobo zaselwandle, njl.njl., ikhawulezisa ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe eziphambili, kwaye ikhawulezisa uphuhliso lwamashishini afana ne-biomedicine, ukuzalisa ngebhayoloji, izinto eziphilayo, kunye ne-bioenergy. Kwixesha elizayo, uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwamashishini aphezulu angentla luya kuqhuba ngakumbi ukukhula okukhawulezileyo kwemarike yamagumbi acocekileyo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ubungakanani bemarike yamagumbi acocekileyo eTshayina kulindeleke ukuba bufikelele kwi-358.65 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ngo-2026, kwaye buza kufikelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokukhula le-15.01% ngesantya sokukhula okuphakathi konyaka ukusuka ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2026.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-24-2025