Injongo yokucoca nokubulala iintsholongwane kukuqinisekisa ukuba igumbi lokucoca liyahlangabezana nenqanaba elifunekayo lokucoceka kweentsholongwane ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukucoca nokubulala iintsholongwane kwigumbi lokucoca zizinto ezibalulekileyo zokulawula ukungcola. La manyathelo asibhozo abalulekileyo abandakanyekayo ekucoceni nasekubulaleni iintsholongwane ukuqinisekisa "ukucoceka" kwegumbi lokucoca.
1. Ukuqonda okufanelekileyo malunga nokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane
Ukucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane ziingcamango ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha ziyabhideka. Ukucoca, ngokuyintloko, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweesepha kwaye kufuneka kwenziwe ngaphambi kokubulala iintsholongwane. Iisepha zicoca iindawo, zisusa "ioyile" engaphezulu (njengothuli kunye negrisi). Ukususa iityhefu linyathelo elibalulekileyo ngaphambi kokubulala iintsholongwane, njengoko ioyile engaphezulu isala, kokukhona ukubulala iintsholongwane kuya kuba nzima.
Iisepha zokucoca zihlala zingena kwioyile, zinciphisa amandla omphezulu wayo (ioyile inamathela kumphezulu) ukuze isuswe (ngokuthetha nje, iisepha zonyusa amandla okucoca amanzi).
Ukubulala iintsholongwane kubandakanya ukubulala iintsholongwane ngamakhemikhali, nto leyo enokubulala inani elikhulu leentlobo zezityalo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane (ezinye izibulali-ntsholongwane nazo zi-sporicides).
2. Ukukhetha izicoci kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezifanelekileyo
Ukukhetha abacoci kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile. Abaphathi begumbi lokucoca kufuneka baqinisekise ukusebenza kakuhle kwezinto zokucoca kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane kwaye bakhethe izinto zokucoca kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezifanelekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye lwegumbi lokucoca. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye izinto zokucoca kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane azinakuxutywa.
Xa ukhetha iarhente yokucoca, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela la manqaku alandelayo:
a) Isixhobo sokucoca kufuneka singabi nacala kwaye singabi na-ionic.
b) Isixhobo sokucoca masingabi nagwebu.
c) Isixhobo sokucoca kufuneka sihambelane nesibulali-ntsholongwane (oko kukuthi, i-arhente yokucoca eseleyo akufuneki iphazamise ukusebenza kwesibulali-ntsholongwane).
Xa ukhetha isibulali-ntsholongwane, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe la manqaku alandelayo:
a) Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemigaqo ye-GMP, ezi zibulali-ntsholongwane zimbini kufuneka zijikeleziswe. Nangona amagunya olawulo efuna ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-ntsholongwane ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, ngokwesayensi, oku akuyomfuneko. Ukujongana noku, kufuneka kukhethwe izibulali-ntsholongwane ezimbini ezisebenzayo ezahlukeneyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba kukhethwe isibulali-ntsholongwane esinye esibulala iintsholongwane.
b) Isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka sibe nomsebenzi obanzi, oko kuthetha ukuba sibulala ngokufanelekileyo iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsholongwane ezikhula kwizityalo, kuquka iintsholongwane ezine-gram negative kunye ne-gram-positive.
c) Eyona nto ifanelekileyo kukuba isibulali-ntsholongwane sisebenze ngokukhawuleza. Isantya sokubulala iintsholongwane sixhomekeke kwixesha elifunekayo ukuze isibulali-ntsholongwane sibulale inani leentsholongwane. Eli xesha lokudibana bubude bexesha apho umphezulu osetyenziswa kuwo isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka uhlale umanzi.
d) Iintsalela zezinto eziphilayo kunye neentsalela zesepha akufuneki zichaphazele ukusebenza kakuhle kwesibulali-ntsholongwane.
e) Kumagumbi okucoca akumgangatho ophezulu (umz., ISO 14644 Udidi 5 kunye no-7), izibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka zingabi nazintsholongwane okanye zibulawe iintsholongwane ngabasebenzi begumbi lokucoca.
f) Isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka silungele ukusetyenziswa kubushushu bokusebenza begumbi lokucoca. Ukuba igumbi lokucoca ligumbi elifrijiweyo, isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka siqinisekiswe ukuba siyasebenza na kuloo bushushu.
g) Isibulali-ntsholongwane akufuneki sonakalise izinto ezicocwayo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho umonakalo, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okuthintela oko. Uninzi lwezibulali-ntsholongwane ezibulala iintsholongwane ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane ziqulethe i-chlorine, enokonakalisa izinto ezifana nentsimbi engagqwaliyo ukuba intsalela ayisuswanga ngokukhawuleza emva kokusetyenziswa.
h) Isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka singabi nabungozi kubasebenzi kwaye sithobele imigaqo yezempilo nokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni.
i) Isibulali-ntsholongwane kufuneka sibe ngabizi kakhulu, kube lula ukusinyibilikisa, kwaye sifumaneke kwizikhongozeli ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neebhotile zokutshiza eziphathwa ngesandla. 3. Ukuqonda iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezibulali-ntsholongwane
Izibulali-ntsholongwane ziza kwiintlobo ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, zilungele iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubulala iintsholongwane kwaye zibonisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusebenza ngokuchasene neentsholongwane. Izibulali-ntsholongwane zinokusebenza kwiiseli zentsholongwane ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukujolisa eludongeni lweseli, i-cytoplasmic membrane (apho ii-phospholipids kunye nee-enzymes zibonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugaya ukutya), okanye i-cytoplasm. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zezibulali-ntsholongwane kubaluleke kakhulu xa ukhetha phakathi kwezibulali-ntsholongwane ezibulala iintsholongwane kunye nezibulala iintsholongwane ezingabulali iintsholongwane (ukwahlula phakathi kweekhemikhali ezingafaki i-oxidizing kunye nezikhupha i-oxidizing).
Izibulali-ntsholongwane ezingangcolisiyo ziquka ii-alcohols, ii-aldehydes, ii-amphoteric surfactants, ii-biguanides, ii-phenols, kunye nee-quaternary ammonium compounds. Izibulali-ntsholongwane ezingcolisayo ziquka ii-halogens kunye nee-oxidizing agents ezifana ne-peracetic acid kunye ne-chlorine dioxide.
4. Ukuqinisekisa izibulali-ntsholongwane
Ukuqinisekiswa kubandakanya uvavanyo lwelabhoratri kusetyenziswa imigangatho ye-AOAC (yaseMelika) okanye yaseYurophu. Olunye uvavanyo lunokwenziwa ngumvelisi wezibulali-ntsholongwane, ngelixa olunye kufuneka lwenziwe ngaphakathi. Ukuqinisekiswa kwezibulali-ntsholongwane kubandakanya uvavanyo olunzima, olubandakanya ukuvavanya izisombululo zezibulali-ntsholongwane zamanqanaba ahlukeneyo (njengee-suspensions), ukuvavanya iindawo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kakuhle kwezibulali-ntsholongwane zeentsholongwane ezahlukeneyo, kuquka neentsholongwane ezizimeleyo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
5. Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kokubulala iintsholongwane
Enyanisweni, zininzi izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwezibulali-ntsholongwane. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yemisebenzi yokubulala iintsholongwane. Izinto ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwezibulali-ntsholongwane ziquka:
a) Uxinaniso: Kukukhetha uxinaniso okuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokubulawa kweentsholongwane. Ingcamango yokuba uxinaniso oluphezulu lweentsholongwane lubulala iintsholongwane ezininzi yintsomi, njengoko izibulali-ntsholongwane zisebenza kuphela xa zinoxinaniso olufanelekileyo.
b) Ubude bexesha: Ubude bexesha lokusetyenziswa kwesibulali-ntsholongwane bubalulekile. Kufuneka ixesha elaneleyo ukuze isibulali-ntsholongwane sinamathele kwiintsholongwane, singene eludongeni lweseli, size sifikelele kwindawo ethile ekujoliswe kuyo.
c) Inani kunye nohlobo lweentsholongwane. Izibulali-ntsholongwane azisebenzi kakuhle kwiintlobo ezithile zeentsholongwane ezikhula kwizityalo. Umzekelo, ukuba iqela elikhulu leentsholongwane ezizimeleyo ziyahlangana, izibulali-ntsholongwane ezingenawo amandla okubulala iintsholongwane aziyi kusebenza. d) Ubushushu kunye ne-pH: Isibulali-ntsholongwane ngasinye sinomlinganiselo we-pH kunye nobushushu ofanelekileyo ukuze sisebenze kakuhle. Ukuba ubushushu kunye ne-pH zingaphandle kwezi zigaba, ukusebenza kwesibulali-ntsholongwane kuya kuphazamiseka.
6. Izinto zokucoca
Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane nokucoca kufuneka zifaneleke kwaye zikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokulinganayo umaleko omncinci wesepha nganye kunye nesibulali-ntsholongwane. Izicoci kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane ezisetyenziswa kumgangatho, kumphezulu wezixhobo, nakwiindonga kwiindawo zemveliso ezicocekileyo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe kwigumbi elicocekileyo kwaye zingabi nazintwana (umz., amalaphu angalukwanga, uboya obungenazinti).
7. Iindlela zokucoca
Iindlela zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane zibalulekile. Ukuba izicoci kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane azisetyenziswanga ngokuchanekileyo, aziyi kuzicoca kakuhle iindawo ezikuyo. Izibulali-ntsholongwane azinakungena kumaleko womphezulu onamafutha, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu okungcola kweentsholongwane kwindawo leyo. Kufuneka kubekho iinkqubo ezithile zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, ezinje:
Tshayela uthuli kunye nenkunkuma (ukuba ikhona); Sula ngesisombululo sesepha ukuqinisekisa ukuba isepha yomile; Sula ngesisombululo sesepha ukuze ugcine indawo edibanayo imanzi kwaye ugcine ixesha lokudibana; Sula ngamanzi okujova okanye i-70% IPA (isopropyl alcohol) ukususa nayiphi na intsalela yesepha.
8. Ukubeka esweni ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane
Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kuvavanywa ngokuyintloko ngeziphumo zokujonga okusingqongileyo kwegumbi lokucoca. Olu vavanyo lwenziwa ngokuthatha iisampulu zeendawo ezincinci kusetyenziswa iipleyiti zokuchukumisa kunye neeswabhu. Ukuba iziphumo azikho ngaphakathi kwemida yesenzo echaziweyo okanye imigangatho yolawulo lwangaphakathi lwenkampani, kunokubakho iingxaki ngeearhente zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane, amaxesha okucoca, okanye indlela yokucoca. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba iziphumo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho, abaphathi begumbi lokucoca banokutsho ngokuzithemba ukuba igumbi lokucoca "licocekile" ngokwenene.
Isishwankathelo
Oku kungasentla kudwelisa amanyathelo asibhozo okugcina ucoceko lwegumbi lokucoca kusetyenziswa iiarhente zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Kucetyiswa ukuba la manyathelo adityaniswe neenkqubo zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo (ii-SOP) kwaye kunikwe uqeqesho kubasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi bolawulo. Nje ukuba indawo iqinisekiswe kwaye ilawulwa, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukusebenzisa iindlela okanye iindlela ezichanekileyo, iiarhente zokucoca ezifanelekileyo kunye nezibulali-ntsholongwane, kunye nokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane rhoqo kwindawo ngamaxesha amiselweyo. Ngale ndlela, igumbi lokucoca linokuhlala licocekile.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-13-2025