Ukuzalwa kwegumbi elicocekileyo lanamhlanje kwavela kwishishini lemfazwe ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngeminyaka yee-1920, iUnited States yaqala yazisa imfuneko yendawo ecocekileyo yemveliso ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa kwegyroscope kushishino lwenqwelomoya. Ukuphelisa ukungcoliseka kothuli lwezixhobo zenqwelomoya kunye neebheringi, baseka "iindawo zendibano ezilawulwayo" kwiindibano zocweyo kunye neelabhoratri, zahlula inkqubo yokuhlanganisana kwezinye iindawo zemveliso kunye nokusebenza ngelixa zibonelela ngokubonelelwa rhoqo komoya ohluziweyo. Ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini, iitekhnoloji zegumbi lokucoca ezifana nezihluzi ze-hepa zaphuhliswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemfazwe. Obu buchwephesha babusetyenziswa ikakhulu kuphando lovavanyo lwasemkhosini kunye nokusetyenzwa kwemveliso ukufezekisa ukuchaneka, ukwenza i-miniaturization, ukucoceka okuphezulu, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, umkhosi wase-US wadibana nokusilela kwezixhobo zombane. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% yeerada aziphumelelanga, phantse i-50% ye-hydroacoustic positioners ayiphumelelanga, kwaye i-70% yezixhobo ze-elektroniki zoMkhosi aziphumelelanga. Iindleko zonyaka zokulungisa zigqithise kabini kwiindleko zokuqala ngenxa yokungathembeki kwecandelo kunye nomgangatho ongaguqukiyo. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi wase-US uchonge oyena nobangela njengothuli kunye nemekobume yefektri engacocekanga, ekhokelela kumlinganiselo ophantsi wesivuno samalungu. Ngaphandle kwamanyathelo angqongqo okuvala ucweyo lwemveliso, ingxaki ubukhulu becala yasonjululwa. Ukungeniswa kwezihluzi zomoya ze-hepa kwezi ndibano zocweyo ekugqibeleni kwawusombulula lo mba, kuphawula ukuzalwa kwegumbi elicocekileyo langoku.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, i-US yavelisa kwaye yavelisa izihluzi zomoya ze-hepa, iphawula impumelelo yokuqala enkulu kubuchwepheshe begumbi lokucoca. Oku kwenze ukuba kusekwe inani lemizi-mveliso ecocekileyo kumkhosi wase-US kunye necandelo lemveliso yesathelayithi, kwaye emva koko, ukusetyenziswa kwabo ngokubanzi kwimveliso yezixhobo zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba elwandle, ii-accelerometers, iigyroscopes, kunye nezixhobo zombane. Njengoko itekhnoloji yegumbi lokucoca ihambela phambili ngokukhawuleza e-US, amazwe aphuhlileyo kwihlabathi liphela nawo aqala ukuphanda nokuyisebenzisa. Kuthiwa inkampani ye-missile yase-US yafumanisa ukuba xa idibanisa i-inertial guide gyroscopes kwindawo yokusebenzela yasePurdy, uhlengahlengiso lwalufuneka umndilili wamaxesha ali-120 kwiiyunithi ezili-10 eziveliswayo. Xa udibaniso luqhutywa kwindawo enongcoliseko lothuli olulawulwayo, izinga lokuphinda lisebenze lancitshiswa laya kutsho nje kabini. Ukuthelekisa iibheringi zegyroscope ezidityaniswe kwi-1200 rpm kwindawo engenathuli kunye nemekobume enothuli (ene-avareji ye-particle diameter ye-3μm kunye ne-particle count ye-1000 pc/m³) ibonise umahluko ophindwe ka-100 kubomi bemveliso. La mava okuvelisa abonisa ukubaluleka kunye nokungxamiseka kokucocwa komoya kwishishini lomkhosi kwaye wasebenza njengomqhubi wophuhliso lobuchwepheshe bomoya ococekileyo ngelo xesha.
Ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bomoya ococekileyo emkhosini ngokuyintloko kuphucula ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yezixhobo. Ngokulawula ukucoceka komoya, umxholo we-microbial, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, iteknoloji yomoya ecocekileyo inika indawo elawulwa kakuhle yezixhobo, iqinisekisa ngokufanelekileyo imveliso yemveliso, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso, ukukhusela impilo yabasebenzi, kunye nokuthobela imimiselo. Ngaphezu koko, iteknoloji yomoya ococekileyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaziko omkhosi kunye neebhubhoratri zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye nezixhobo.
Ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthaza uphuhliso loshishino lomkhosi. Eli shishini likhula ngokukhawuleza lifuna imeko-bume yemveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu, nokuba kukuphucula ukucoceka kwezinto eziluhlaza, ukusetyenzwa kunye nokudibanisa iinxalenye, okanye ukwandisa ukuthembeka kunye nobomi benkonzo yamacandelo kunye nezixhobo ezipheleleyo. Iimfuno eziphezulu zibekwe ekusebenzeni kwemveliso, njenge-miniaturization, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, ukucoceka okuphezulu, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngaphaya koko, okukhona ubuchwephesha bemveliso buqhubela phambili, kokukhona ziphezulu iimfuno zococeko kwindawo yemveliso.
Itekhnoloji yegumbi lokucoca isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwicandelo lomkhosi ekuvelisweni nasekugcinweni kweenqwelomoya, iinqanawa zokulwa, imijukujelwa kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nokusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zombane ngexesha lemfazwe. Itekhnoloji ye-Cleanroom iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwezixhobo zomkhosi kunye nokucoceka kwendawo yokuvelisa ngokulawula ukungcola emoyeni okufana ne-particulate matter, umoya onobungozi, kunye ne-microorganisms, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo kunye nokuthembeka.
Ukusetyenziswa kwegumbi lokucoca kwicandelo lomkhosi ngokuyintloko kubandakanya ukuchaneka komatshini, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki, kunye ne-aerospace. Kumatshini ochanekileyo, igumbi lokucoca libonelela ngendawo yokusebenza engenathuli neyinyumba, iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho wamalungu oomatshini. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo yayifuna amanqanaba aphezulu okucoceka kumatshini ochanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula i-elektroniki, apho iteknoloji yegumbi lokucoca idlale indima ebalulekileyo. Kwimveliso yesixhobo sombane, igumbi lokucoca linciphisa ngokufanelekileyo izinga lokungaphumeleli kwamacandelo e-elektroniki. Itekhnoloji yegumbi lokucoca nayo iyimfuneko kwishishini le-aerospace. Ngexesha lokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo, akwanelanga ukuchaneka kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zolawulo lwe-elektroniki ezifuna indawo ecocekileyo kakhulu, kodwa izitya kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela amatye enyanga nazo kwafuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yococeko ephezulu kakhulu. Oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yokuhamba kwe-laminar kunye negumbi elicocekileyo le-Class 100. Kwimveliso yeenqwelomoya, iinqanawa zokulwa, kunye nemijukujelwa, igumbi lokucoca likwaqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezichanekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukusilela okunxulumene nothuli.
Itekhnoloji ye-Cleanroom iphinda isetyenziswe kumayeza omkhosi, uphando lwezesayensi, kunye nezinye iinkalo zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nokhuseleko lwezixhobo kunye novavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ngenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, imigangatho yegumbi lokucoca kunye nezixhobo zihlala ziphuculwa, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo emkhosini kuyanda.
Kwimveliso kunye nokugcinwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, iindawo ezicocekileyo zithintela ukusasazeka kwezixhobo ze-radioactive kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso. Ukugcinwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki: Kwiindawo zokulwa, indawo yokucoca isetyenziselwa ukugcina izixhobo zombane, ukuthintela uthuli kunye nomswakama ekuchaphazeni ukusebenza kwayo. Imveliso yezixhobo zonyango: Kwindawo yonyango yomkhosi, igumbi lokucoca liqinisekisa ubunyulu bezixhobo zonyango kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwalo.
Imijukujelwa ye-Intercontinental, njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yamandla eqhinga lesizwe, ukusebenza kwawo kunye nokuthembeka kuhambelana ngqo nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye namandla okuthintela. Ke ngoko, ulawulo lococeko linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwimveliso yemissile nakwimveliso. Ukungacoceki ngokwaneleyo kunokukhokelela ekungcolisekeni kwezixhobo ze-missile, ezichaphazela ukuchaneka kwazo, ukuzinza, kunye nobomi. Ucoceko oluphezulu lubaluleke kakhulu kumacandelo aphambili afana neenjini zomjukujelwa kunye neenkqubo zesikhokelo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwemijukujelwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka kwemijukujelwa ye-intercontinental, abavelisi baphumeza uluhlu lwamanyathelo okulawula ukucoceka okungqongqo, kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kwegumbi elicocekileyo, iibhentshi ezicocekileyo, iimpahla zokucoca, kunye nokucoca rhoqo kunye nokuvavanywa kwendawo yokuvelisa.
Igumbi lokucoca lihlelwa ngokwenqanaba labo lokucoceka, kunye namanqanaba asezantsi abonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okucoceka. Amabanga aqhelekileyo egumbi elicocekileyo abandakanya: Igumbi lokucoca loKlasi 100, elisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwindawo ezifuna ucoceko oluphezulu kakhulu, olufana neelebhu zebhayoloji. Igumbi lokucoca i-Class 1000, elilungele iindawo ezifuna ukulungiswa okuchanekileyo okuphezulu kunye nokuveliswa ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-missile ye-intercontinental; Igumbi elicocekileyo le-Class 10000, elisetyenziselwa kwiindawo zokuvelisa ezifuna ukucoceka okuphezulu, njengokuhlanganisana kwezixhobo ze-hydraulic okanye i-pneumatic. Igumbi elicocekileyo le-Class 10000, elilungele ukuveliswa kwesixhobo esichanekileyo.
Uphuhliso lwe-ICBM lufuna igumbi elicocekileyo le-Class 1000. Ucoceko lomoya lubalulekile ngexesha lophuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwee-ICBMs, ngakumbi ngexesha lokugunyaziswa kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo, ezifana nokuveliswa kwe-laser kunye ne-chip, ezifuna i-Class 10000 okanye i-Class 1000 ultra-clean environments. Uphuhliso lwe-ICBM lukwafuna izixhobo zokucoca igumbi, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zamafutha anamandla aphezulu, izinto ezihlanganisiweyo, kunye nokuveliswa ngokuchanekileyo. Okokuqala, isibaso samandla aphezulu asetyenziswa kwii-ICBMs sibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kwindawo ecocekileyo. Ukuphuhliswa kwamafutha anamandla aphezulu afana ne-NEPE eqinile ye-fuel (NEPE, emfutshane ye-Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), i-fuel-energy solid oil ebonwa kakhulu kunye ne-thiyoretical impulse ethile ye-2685 N·s / kg (elingana ne-274 imizuzwana eyothusayo). Esi sigqubuthelo soguquko saqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye saphuhliswa ngobuchule yiHercules Corporation eMelika. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, yavela njengepropellant entsha ye-nitramine. Ngoxinaniso lwamandla olukhethekileyo, iye yaba sesona sixhobo sinamandla siphezulu kwirekhodi yoluntu ukuze isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwihlabathi jikelele.) Ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lokucoceka kwendalo yemveliso ukuthintela ukungcola ekuchaphazeni ukusebenza kwamafutha. Igumbi lokucoca kufuneka lixhotyiswe ngokucokisekileyo komoya kunye neenkqubo zonyango, kubandakanywa i-hepa air (HEPA) kunye ne-ultra-hepa air filters (ULPA), ukususa i-particulate matter, i-microorganisms, kunye nezinto ezinobungozi. Iifeni kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa umoya kufuneka zigcine ubushushu obufanelekileyo, ukufuma, kunye nokuhamba komoya ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho womoya uyahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso. Olu hlobo lwesibaso lubeka amabango aphezulu ngokugqithisileyo kuyilo lokumila kweenkozo (uyilo lokumila kweenkozo ngumba ongundoqo kuyilo lwenjini yerokethi eyomeleleyo, enempembelelo ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwenjini nokuthembeka. Ijiyometri yeenkozo kunye nokukhethwa kobungakanani kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo imiba emininzi, kubandakanywa ixesha lokusebenza kwe-injini, uxinzelelo lwegumbi lokutsha, kunye ne-thrust) kunye neenkqubo zokuphosa. Indawo ecocekileyo iqinisekisa uzinzo nokhuseleko lwamafutha.
Okwesibini, imijukujelwa ehlanganisiweyo ye-intercontinental nayo ifuna izixhobo ezicocekileyo. Xa izinto ezidibeneyo ezifana ne-carbon fiber kunye ne-aramid fiber zilukwe kwi-injini ye-injini, izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo ziyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla ezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobunzima. Indawo ecocekileyo inciphisa ukungcola ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kwezinto eziphathekayo akuchaphazeleki. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubo yokwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo kwemijukujelwa ye-intercontinental nayo ifuna izixhobo ezicocekileyo. Isikhokelo, unxibelelwano, kunye neenkqubo ezijikelezayo ngaphakathi kwemijukujelwa zonke zifuna ukuveliswa kunye nokuhlanganisana kwindawo ecocekileyo kakhulu ukuthintela uthuli kunye nokungcola okuchaphazela ukusebenza kwenkqubo.
Isishwankathelo, izixhobo ezicocekileyo zibalulekile ekuphuhliseni imijukujelwa ye-intercontinental. Iqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko lwamafutha, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokulwa nokusebenza komjukujelwa wonke.
Ukusetyenziswa kwegumbi lokucoca kunwenwela ngaphaya kophuhliso lwemijukujelwa kwaye zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu emkhosini, kwinqwelomoya, kwilabhoratri yebhayoloji, ukwenziwa kweetshiphu, ukwenziwa komboniso wephaneli ecaba, kunye namanye amacandelo. Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji entsha kwisayensi yekhompyuter, ibhayoloji, kunye ne-biochemistry, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamashishini aphezulu, ishishini lobunjineli bococeko kwihlabathi lifumene ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kunye nokuqondwa kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngelixa ishishini lezindlu zokucoca lijongene nemingeni, likwazaliswe ngamathuba. Impumelelo kolu shishino ilele ekuhambisaneni nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokusabela ngokuqhubekayo kutshintsho lwemarike.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-25-2025