Ukuzalwa kwegumbi lokucoca lanamhlanje kwaqala kushishino lomkhosi ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngeminyaka yoo-1920, i-United States yaqala ukwazisa imfuneko yendawo yokuvelisa ecocekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa i-gyroscope kushishino lweenqwelo moya. Ukuze kupheliswe ungcoliseko lothuli oluvela emoyeni lwezixhobo zeenqwelo moya kunye neebheringi, baseka "iindawo zokuhlanganisa ezilawulwayo" kwiindawo zokusebenzela zokuvelisa kunye neelabhoratri, behlukanisa inkqubo yokuhlanganisa iibheringi kwezinye iindawo zemveliso kunye nokusebenza ngelixa bebonelela ngokubonelela rhoqo ngomoya ohluziweyo. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, ubuchwepheshe begumbi lokucoca ezifana nezihluzo ze-hepa zaphuhliswa ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemfazwe. Ezi teknoloji zazisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lovavanyo lomkhosi kunye nokucubungula imveliso ukuze kufezekiswe ukuchaneka, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezincinci, ubunyulu obuphezulu, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, umkhosi wase-US wadibana nokusilela okukhulu kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ngaphezulu kwe-80% yeerada zasilela, phantse i-50% yee-hydroacoustic positioners zasilela, kwaye i-70% yezixhobo ze-elektroniki zoMkhosi zasilela. Iindleko zokugcinwa zonyaka zidlule kabini kwixabiso lokuqala ngenxa yokungathembeki kakuhle kwezixhobo kunye nomgangatho ongaguqukiyo. Ekugqibeleni, umkhosi wase-US wafumanisa unobangela oyintloko njengothuli kunye neendawo ezicocekileyo zefektri, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho izinga eliphantsi lemveliso yezixhobo. Nangona kwathatyathwa amanyathelo angqongqo okuvala ii-workshop zemveliso, ingxaki yasonjululwa kakhulu. Ukungeniswa kwezihluzi zomoya ze-hepa kwezi workshop ekugqibeleni kwasombulula le ngxaki, nto leyo eyaphawula ukuzalwa kwegumbi lokucoca lanamhlanje.
Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, i-US yasungula yaza yavelisa izihluzi zomoya ze-hepa, nto leyo eyaphawula impumelelo yokuqala enkulu kubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom. Oku kwavumela ukusekwa kwenani leendawo zokucoca zoshishino kumacandelo omkhosi wase-US kunye nokuvelisa i-satellite, kwaye emva koko, ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokubanzi ekuveliseni izixhobo zokuhamba ngeenqwelo moya kunye nolwandle, ii-accelerometers, ii-gyroscopes, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki. Njengoko ubuchwepheshe be-cleanroom buqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza e-US, amazwe aphuhlileyo kwihlabathi liphela nawo aqala ukuphanda nokusebenzisa. Kuthiwa inkampani ye-missile yase-US yafumanisa ukuba xa kuhlanganiswa ii-gyroscopes zesikhokelo se-inertial kwi-workshop yasePurdy, ukulungiswa kwakhona kwakufuneka umyinge wezihlandlo ezili-120 kwiiyunithi ezili-10 eziveliswayo. Xa ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa kwindawo enongcoliseko lothuli olulawulwayo, izinga lokulungiswa kwakhona lancitshiswa laba zimbini kuphela. Ukuthelekisa iibheringi ze-gyroscope ezihlanganiswe kwi-1200 rpm kwindawo engenaluthuli kunye nendawo enothuli (enobubanzi obuphakathi be-particle obuyi-3μm kunye nenani le-particle eliyi-1000 pc/m³) kwatyhila umahluko ophindwe kayi-100 kubomi bemveliso. La mava emveliso aqaqambise ukubaluleka nokungxamiseka kokucocwa komoya kwishishini lezomkhosi kwaye asebenza njengesixhobo sokuqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yomoya ococekileyo ngelo xesha.
Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yomoya ococekileyo emkhosini kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nobomi benkonzo yezixhobo. Ngokulawula ukucoceka komoya, umxholo weentsholongwane, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo, itekhnoloji yomoya ococekileyo ibonelela ngendawo elawulwa kakuhle yezixhobo, iqinisekisa ngempumelelo imveliso, iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, ikhusela impilo yabasebenzi, kwaye ithobela imigaqo. Ngaphezu koko, itekhnoloji yomoya ococekileyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwizakhiwo zomkhosi nakwiilabhoratri ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo kunye nezixhobo.
Ukuqhambuka kwemfazwe yamazwe ngamazwe kukhuthaza uphuhliso lweshishini lezomkhosi. Eli shishini likhula ngokukhawuleza lifuna indawo yemveliso esemgangathweni ophezulu, nokuba kukuphucula ubunyulu bezinto ezikrwada, ukucubungula nokuhlanganisa iindawo, okanye ukuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nobomi benkonzo yezixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezipheleleyo. Iimfuno eziphezulu zibekwe ekusebenzeni kwemveliso, njengokunciphisa i-aturization, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, ubunyulu obuphezulu, umgangatho ophezulu, kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, okukhona iteknoloji yemveliso iphucukile, kokukhona iimfuno zococeko kwindawo yemveliso ziphakama.
Itekhnoloji yeCleanroom isetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo lezomkhosi ekuveliseni nasekugcinweni kweenqwelo-moya, iinqanawa zemfazwe, iirokhethi, nezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nokusetyenziswa nasekugcinweni kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ngexesha lemfazwe. Itekhnoloji yeCleanroom iqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwezixhobo zomkhosi kunye nobunyulu bendawo yemveliso ngokulawula izinto ezingcolisayo emoyeni ezifana nezinto ezincinci, umoya onobungozi, kunye neentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula ukusebenza kwezixhobo kunye nokuthembeka kwazo.
Izicelo zegumbi lokucoca kwicandelo lezomkhosi ziquka ikakhulu umatshini wokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Kwimishini yokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo, igumbi lokucoca libonelela ngendawo yokusebenza engenathuli kwaye ingenazintsholongwane, ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho weendawo zoomatshini. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo ifuna amanqanaba aphezulu kakhulu okucoceka kwimishini yokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ze-elektroniki, apho iteknoloji yegumbi lokucoca idlale indima ebalulekileyo. Kwimveliso yezixhobo ze-elektroniki, igumbi lokucoca linciphisa ngokufanelekileyo izinga lokusilela kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki. Iteknoloji yegumbi lokucoca ikwayimfuneko kwishishini leenqwelo-moya. Ngexesha lemisebenzi yokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo, izixhobo zokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ze-elektroniki azifunanga kuphela iindawo ezicocekileyo kakhulu, kodwa izikhongozeli kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela amatye enyanga nazo kwakufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho yococeko ephezulu kakhulu. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuhamba kwe-laminar kunye negumbi lokucoca le-Class 100. Kwimveliso yeenqwelo-moya, iinqanawa zemfazwe, kunye nee-missile, igumbi lokucoca likwaqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwezixhobo zokulungisa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye linciphisa ukusilela okunxulumene nothuli.
Itekhnoloji ye-Cleanroom ikwasetyenziswa kumayeza omkhosi, uphando lwesayensi, nakwezinye iinkalo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokhuseleko lwezixhobo kunye novavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima. Ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji, imigangatho kunye nezixhobo ze-cleanroom zihlala ziphuculwa, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo emkhosini kuyanda.
Ekuvelisweni nasekugcinweni kwezixhobo zenyukliya, iindawo ezicocekileyo zithintela ukusasazeka kwezinto ezinemisebe kwaye ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwemveliso. Ukugcinwa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki: Kwiindawo zokulwa, indawo yokucoca isetyenziselwa ukugcina izixhobo ze-elektroniki, ukuthintela uthuli kunye nokufuma ekuchaphazeleni ukusebenza kwazo. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zonyango: Kwicandelo lezonyango lomkhosi, indawo yokucoca iqinisekisa ukungazali kwezixhobo zonyango kwaye iphucule ukhuseleko lwazo.
Iimissile eziphakathi kwelizwekazi, njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yamandla esizwe abalulekileyo, ukusebenza kwazo kunye nokuthembeka kwazo kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokukwazi ukuthintela. Ke ngoko, ulawulo lococeko linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuvelisweni nasekuvelisweni kweemissile. Ucoceko olunganelanga lunokukhokelela ekungcolisweni kwezixhobo zeemissile, okuchaphazela ukuchaneka kwazo, uzinzo, kunye nobomi bazo. Ucoceko oluphezulu lubaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo eziphambili ezifana neenjini zeemissile kunye neenkqubo zesikhokelo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kweemissile. Ukuqinisekisa ukucoceka kweemissile eziphakathi kwelizwekazi, abavelisi baphumeza uthotho lwamanyathelo okulawula ucoceko olungqongqo, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwegumbi lokucoca, iibhentshi ezicocekileyo, impahla yegumbi lokucoca, kunye nokucoca rhoqo kunye nokuvavanya imeko-bume yemveliso.
Igumbi lokucoca lihlulwe ngokwenqanaba lalo lokucoceka, kunye namanqanaba aphantsi abonisa amanqanaba aphezulu okucoceka. Amanqanaba aqhelekileyo egumbi lokucoca aquka: Igumbi lokucoca leKlasi ye-100, elisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifuna ukucoceka okuphezulu kakhulu, njengeelebhu zebhayoloji. Igumbi lokucoca leKlasi ye-1000, elifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezifuna ukulungiswa kweengxaki ngokuchanekileyo kunye nemveliso ngexesha lophuhliso lweemissile zamazwekazi; Igumbi lokucoca leKlasi ye-10000, elisetyenziswa kwiindawo zemveliso ezifuna ukucoceka okuphezulu, njengokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo ze-hydraulic okanye ze-pneumatic. Igumbi lokucoca leKlasi ye-10000, elifanelekileyo kwimveliso yezixhobo ezichanekileyo ngokubanzi.
Uphuhliso lwe-ICBM lufuna igumbi lokucoca leKlasi 1000. Ukucoceka komoya kubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha lophuhliso nokuveliswa kwee-ICBM, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuqaliswa nokuveliswa kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo, ezifana nokuveliswa kwe-laser kunye neetship, ezidla ngokufuna iindawo ezicocekileyo kakhulu zeKlasi 10000 okanye zeKlasi 1000. Uphuhliso lwe-ICBM lukwafuna izixhobo zegumbi lokucoca, ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo, ngakumbi kwiindawo zepetroli enamandla aphezulu, izinto ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokuveliswa ngokuchanekileyo. Okokuqala, ipetroli enamandla aphezulu esetyenziswa kwii-ICBM ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kwindawo ecocekileyo. Uphuhliso lwamafutha anamandla aphezulu afana ne-NEPE solid fuel (NEPE, isishunqulelo se-Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), ipetroli eqinileyo enamandla aphezulu ehlonitshwa kakhulu ene-impulse ethile yethiyori ye-2685 N·s/kg (elingana nemizuzwana engama-274 emangalisayo). Le propellant iguqukayo yaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 kwaye yaphuhliswa ngononophelo yiHercules Corporation e-United States. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, yavela njengepropellant entsha ye-nitramine solid. Ngenxa yobuninzi bayo bamandla obungaqhelekanga, yaba yipropellant enamandla aphezulu kakhulu kwirekhodi yoluntu ukuze isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela.) ifuna ulawulo olungqongqo lokucoceka kwendawo yemveliso ukuthintela ukungcola ukuba kungachaphazeli ukusebenza kwepetroli. Igumbi lokucoca kufuneka lixhotyiswe ngeenkqubo zokucoca umoya ezisebenzayo, kubandakanya i-hepa air (HEPA) kunye nezihluzo zomoya we-ultra-hepa (ULPA), ukususa izinto eziphuma emoyeni, iintsholongwane, kunye nezinto eziyingozi. Iifeni kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa umoya kufuneka zigcine ubushushu obufanelekileyo, umswakama, kunye nokuhamba komoya ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho womoya uyahlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso. Olu hlobo lwamafutha lubeka iimfuno eziphezulu kakhulu kuyilo lwemilo yeenkozo (uyilo lwemilo yeenkozo luyingxaki ephambili kuyilo lwenjini yerokhethi eqinileyo, oluchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kwenjini kunye nokuthembeka. Ijiyometri yeenkozo kunye nokukhethwa kobungakanani kufuneka kuqwalaselwe izinto ezininzi, kubandakanya ixesha lokusebenza kwenjini, uxinzelelo lwegumbi lokutsha, kunye nokutyhala) kunye neenkqubo zokuphosa. Indawo ecocekileyo iqinisekisa uzinzo lwamafutha kunye nokhuseleko.
Okwesibini, iibhokisi ezidityanisiweyo zeemijukujelwa eziphakathi kwamazwekazi nazo zifuna izixhobo ezicocekileyo. Xa izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezifana ne-carbon fiber kunye ne-aramid fiber zilukwa kwibhokisi yenjini, izixhobo kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ziyafuneka ukuqinisekisa amandla ezinto kunye nokukhanya. Indawo ecocekileyo inciphisa ungcoliseko ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusebenza kwezinto akuchaphazeleki. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo yokuvelisa ngokuchanekileyo imijukujelwa ephakathi kwamazwekazi ikwafuna izixhobo ezicocekileyo. Isikhokelo, unxibelelwano, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhubela phambili ngaphakathi kweemijukujelwa zonke zifuna ukuveliswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwindawo ecocekileyo kakhulu ukuthintela uthuli kunye nokungcola ekuchaphazeleni ukusebenza kwenkqubo.
Ngamafutshane, izixhobo ezicocekileyo zibalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kwee-missile eziphakathi kwamazwekazi. Ziqinisekisa ukusebenza nokhuseleko lwepetroli, izixhobo, kunye neenkqubo, ngaloo ndlela ziphucula ukuthembeka nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-missile yonke.
Usetyenziso lwegumbi lokucoca ludlulela ngaphaya kophuhliso lweemissile kwaye lusetyenziswa kakhulu emkhosini, kwi-aerospace, kwiilabhoratri zebhayoloji, kwimveliso yeetship, kwimveliso yokubonisa iipaneli ezisicaba, nakwezinye iindawo. Ngokuvela okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe obutsha kwisayensi yekhompyutha, kwibhayoloji, nakwi-biochemistry, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwamashishini obuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ishishini lobunjineli begumbi lokucoca kwihlabathi liphela lifumene ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunye nokuqatshelwa kwihlabathi liphela. Ngelixa ishishini legumbi lokucoca lijongene nemingeni, likwazaliswe ngamathuba. Impumelelo kweli shishini ixhomekeke ekuhambisaneni nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho lwemarike.
Ixesha leposi: Sep-25-2025