Intshayelelo
Kwingqiqo yamayeza, igumbi elicocekileyo libhekisa kwigumbi elihlangabezana neemfuno ze-GMP ze-aseptic. Ngenxa yeemfuno ezingqongqo zokuphucula itekhnoloji yokuvelisa kwindawo yemveliso, igumbi elicocekileyo lelebhu likwaziwa ngokuba "ngumlindi wemveliso ephezulu."
1. Yintoni igumbi elicocekileyo
Igumbi elicocekileyo, elaziwa ngokuba ligumbi elingenathuli, lidla ngokusetyenziswa njengenxalenye yemveliso yobungcali yemizi-mveliso okanye uphando lwesayensi, kubandakanya ukwenziwa kwamayeza, iisekethe ezidibeneyo, ii-CRT, ii-LCD, ii-OLED kunye neziboniso ze-micro LED, njl.
Igumbi elicocekileyo lenzelwe ukugcina amanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu ee-particles, njengothuli, izinto eziphilayo ezibhabha emoyeni, okanye ii-particles eziphefumulayo. Ngokukodwa, igumbi elicocekileyo linenqanaba lokungcola elilawulwayo, elichazwa linani lee-particles nge-cubic meter nganye ngobukhulu obuthile be-particles.
Igumbi elicocekileyo lingabhekisa nakweyiphi na indawo yokugcinwa apho kumiselwa khona amanyathelo okunciphisa ungcoliseko lwamasuntswana kunye nokulawula ezinye iiparameter zokusingqongileyo ezifana nobushushu, ukufuma kunye noxinzelelo. Kwingqiqo yamayeza, igumbi elicocekileyo ligumbi elihlangabezana neemfuno zeenkcukacha ze-GMP ezichazwe kwiinkcazo ze-GMP ze-aseptic. Ludibaniso loyilo lobunjineli, ukuvelisa, ukugqiba kunye nolawulo lokusebenza (icebo lokulawula) olufunekayo ukuguqula igumbi eliqhelekileyo libe ligumbi elicocekileyo. Amagumbi acocekileyo asetyenziswa kumashishini amaninzi, apho amasuntswana amancinci anokuba nefuthe elibi kwinkqubo yemveliso.
Amagumbi acocekileyo ayahluka ngobukhulu nangobunzima kwaye asetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana nokuvelisa i-semiconductor, amayeza, i-biotechnology, izixhobo zonyango kunye nesayensi yobomi, kunye nokuveliswa kweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ezixhaphakileyo kwi-aerospace, i-optics, umkhosi kunye neSebe lezaMandla.
2. Uphuhliso lwegumbi elicocekileyo
Igumbi lokucoceka lanamhlanje laqanjwa yingcali yefiziksi yaseMelika uWillis Whitfield. UWhitfield, njengomqeshwa weSandia National Laboratories, wayila uyilo lokuqala lwegumbi lokucoceka ngo-1966. Ngaphambi kokuyilwa kukaWhitfield, igumbi lokucoceka lasekuqaleni lalisoloko lijongene neengxaki ngamasuntswana kunye nokuhamba komoya okungaqinisekanga.
UWhitfield wayila igumbi elicocekileyo elinomoya ohamba rhoqo nocociweyo ukuze kugcinwe indawo icocekile. Uninzi lwezakhiwo zokuvelisa iisekethe ezidibeneyo eSilicon Valley zakhiwe ziinkampani ezintathu: iMicroAire, iPureAire, kunye neKey Plastics. Benza iiyunithi zokuhamba kwe-laminar, iibhokisi zeglavu, amagumbi acocekileyo kunye neeshawa zomoya, kunye neetanki zeekhemikhali kunye neebhentshi zokusebenzela zokwakha "inkqubo emanzi" yeesekethe ezidibeneyo. Ezi nkampani zintathu zazikwangoovulindlela ekusebenziseni iTeflon kwizibhamu zomoya, iipompo zeekhemikhali, ii-scrubbers, ii-water guns, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifunekayo kwimveliso yeesekethe ezidibeneyo. UWilliam (Bill) C. McElroy Jr. wayengumphathi wobunjineli, umphathi wegumbi lokuzoba, i-QA/QC, kunye nomyili weenkampani ezintathu, kwaye uyilo lwakhe longeze amalungelo obunikazi okuqala angama-45 kwitekhnoloji yelo xesha.
3. Imigaqo yoKucocwa koMoya eGumbini
Amagumbi acocekileyo alawula amasuntswana ahamba emoyeni ngokusebenzisa izihluzi ze-HEPA okanye ze-ULPA, esebenzisa imigaqo yokuhamba komoya ejikelezayo (indlela enye) okanye imigaqo yokuhamba komoya eguquguqukayo (engashukumiyo, engeyiyo indlela enye).
Iinkqubo zomoya ezisebenzisa i-laminar okanye enye indlela ziqondisa umoya ohluziweyo ngokuhamba rhoqo uye ezantsi okanye ngokuthe tye kwiifilitha ezikwidonga elikufutshane nomgangatho wegumbi elicocekileyo, okanye zijikelezwe kwakhona ngeepaneli zomgangatho eziphakanyisiweyo ezineembobo.
Iinkqubo zokuhamba komoya we-laminar zihlala zisetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwe-80% yesilingi segumbi elicocekileyo ukugcina umoya ungaguquguquki. Intsimbi engatyiwayo okanye ezinye izinto ezingaphumiyo zisetyenziselwa ukwakha izihluzi zokuhamba komoya we-laminar kunye nee-hood ukuthintela amasuntswana angaphezulu ukuba angangeni emoyeni. Ukuhamba komoya okuguquguqukayo, okanye okungakhethi cala kusetyenziswa ii-laminar air flow hood kunye nezihluzi zesantya ezingakhethi cala ukugcina umoya kwigumbi elicocekileyo uhamba rhoqo, nangona zonke zingahambi kwicala elinye.
Umoya orhabaxa uzama ukubamba amasuntswana anokuba semoyeni aze awaqhubele phantsi, apho angena khona kwisihluzo aze ashiye indawo ecocekileyo yegumbi. Ezinye iindawo ziya kongeza amagumbi acocekileyo evector: umoya unikezelwa kwiikona eziphezulu zegumbi, kusetyenziswa izihluzi zehepa ezimile njengefeni, kwaye izihluzi eziqhelekileyo zehepa zingasetyenziswa nakwiindawo zokuhambisa umoya ezimile njengefeni. Iindawo zokungenisa umoya ezibuyayo zibekwe kwicala elisezantsi kwelinye icala. Umlinganiselo wokuphakama nobude begumbi ngokubanzi uphakathi kwe-0.5 kunye ne-1. Olu hlobo lwegumbi elicocekileyo lunokufikelela kucoceko lweKlasi 5 (iKlasi 100).
Amagumbi acocekileyo afuna umoya omninzi kwaye ahlala ekwiqondo lobushushu elilawulwayo kunye nokufuma. Ukunciphisa iindleko zokutshintsha ubushushu okanye ukufuma okungqongileyo, malunga ne-80% yomoya iyajikeleziswa kwakhona (ukuba iimpawu zemveliso ziyavuma), kwaye umoya ojikeleziweyo kuqala uyahluzwa ukuze kususwe ungcoliseko lwamasuntswana ngelixa kugcinwa ubushushu kunye nokufuma okufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba kudlule kwigumbi elicocekileyo.
Iisuntswana eziphuma emoyeni (izinto ezingcolisayo) ziyabhabha. Uninzi lweesuntswana eziphuma emoyeni zihlala kancinci kancinci, kwaye izinga lokuhlala lixhomekeke kubukhulu bazo. Inkqubo yokuphatha umoya eyilwe kakuhle kufuneka inike umoya ococekileyo ocociweyo nohlanjululweyo kwigumbi elicocekileyo kunye, kwaye ithwale iisuntswana kude negumbi elicocekileyo kunye. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela osebenza ngayo, umoya othathwe kwigumbi uhlala ujikeleziswa ngenkqubo yokuphatha umoya, apho izihluzi zisusa iisuntswana.
Ukuba inkqubo, izinto eziluhlaza okanye iimveliso ziqulethe umswakama omninzi, umphunga oyingozi okanye iigesi, lo moya awunakuphinda ujikeleziswe kwigumbi. Lo moya uhlala uphuma emoyeni, uze emva koko umoya omtsha oyi-100% ufunxwe kwinkqubo yegumbi elicocekileyo kwaye uphathwe ngaphambi kokuba ungene kwigumbi elicocekileyo.
Ubungakanani bomoya ongena kwigumbi elicocekileyo bulawulwa ngokungqongqo, kwaye ubungakanani bomoya ophelileyo bulawulwa ngokungqongqo. Uninzi lwamagumbi acocekileyo luxinezelekile, nto leyo efumaneka ngokungena kwigumbi elicocekileyo elinomoya ophezulu kunomoya ophelileyo kwigumbi elicocekileyo. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lunokubangela ukuba umoya uphume phantsi kweengcango okanye ngeemingxunya okanye izikhewu ezincinci ezingenakuphepheka kulo naliphi na igumbi elicocekileyo. Isitshixo soyilo oluhle lwegumbi elicocekileyo yindawo efanelekileyo yokungenisa umoya (unikezelo) kunye ne-exhaust (i-exhaust).
Xa ubeka igumbi elicocekileyo, indawo apho kukho khona iigrilles zokuhambisa umoya kunye nezokukhupha umoya (ukubuyisela umoya) kufuneka ibe yeyona nto iphambili. Iigrilles zokungenisa umoya (isilingi) kunye nezokubuyisela umoya (ezikumgangatho ophantsi) kufuneka zibe kumacala ahlukeneyo kwigumbi elicocekileyo. Ukuba umqhubi ufuna ukukhuselwa kwimveliso, ukuhamba komoya kufuneka kube kude nomqhubi. I-US FDA kunye ne-EU zinemigaqo engqongqo kakhulu kunye nemida yongcoliseko lweentsholongwane, kwaye iiplenums phakathi kwesixhobo sokuphatha umoya kunye neyunithi yesihluzi sefeni kunye neemathi ezinamathelayo nazo zingasetyenziswa. Kumagumbi angenazintsholongwane afuna umoya weKlasi A, ukuhamba komoya kusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi kwaye kujikelezwe kwicala elinye okanye kube laminar, kuqinisekisa ukuba umoya awungcoliswanga ngaphambi kokuba udibane nemveliso.
4. Ungcoliseko lwegumbi elicocekileyo
Eyona ngozi inkulu yongcoliseko lwegumbi elicocekileyo ivela kubasebenzisi ngokwabo. Kwimizi-mveliso yezonyango neyeyeza, ulawulo lweentsholongwane lubaluleke kakhulu, ingakumbi iintsholongwane ezinokukhutshelwa eluswini zize zifakwe emoyeni. Ukufunda iintsholongwane zegumbi elicocekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu kwiingcali zebhayoloji kunye nabasebenzi bolawulo lomgangatho ukuze bavavanye iindlela ezitshintshayo, ingakumbi ekuhlolweni kweentlobo ezinganyangekiyo ngamayeza kunye nophando lweendlela zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Iintsholongwane zegumbi elicocekileyo eliqhelekileyo zinxulumene kakhulu nolusu lomntu, kwaye kuya kubakho neentsholongwane ezivela kwezinye iindawo, ezifana nokusingqongileyo namanzi, kodwa ngobuninzi obuncinci. Iintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ziquka iMicrococcus, iStaphylococcus, iCorynebacterium kunye neBacillus, kwaye iintsholongwane zefungus ziquka iAspergillus kunye nePenicillium.
Kukho iinkalo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zokugcina igumbi licocekile.
(1). Umphezulu wangaphakathi wegumbi elicocekileyo kunye nezixhobo zalo zangaphakathi
Umgaqo kukuba ukukhethwa kwezinto kubalulekile, kwaye ukucoca nokubulala iintsholongwane imihla ngemihla kubaluleke ngakumbi. Ukuze kuhambelane ne-GMP kwaye kufezekiswe iinkcukacha zococeko, yonke imiphezulu yegumbi elicocekileyo kufuneka igudileyo kwaye ingangeni moya, kwaye ingazivelisi ungcoliseko lwayo, oko kukuthi, akukho luthuli, okanye inkunkuma, imelana nokugqwala, kulula ukuyicoca, kungenjalo iya kubonelela ngendawo yokuzala kweentsholongwane, kwaye umphezulu kufuneka ube namandla kwaye uhlale ixesha elide, kwaye awunakuqhekeka, uqhekeke okanye uqhekeke. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto onokukhetha kuzo, kubandakanya iipaneli zedagad ezibizayo, iglasi, njl. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo nentle yiglasi. Ukucoca rhoqo kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuhambelana neemfuno zamagumbi acocekileyo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Izihlandlo zinokuba emva komsebenzi ngamnye, amaxesha amaninzi ngemini, yonke imihla, rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, kanye ngeveki, njl. Kucetyiswa ukuba itafile yokusebenza icoceke kwaye ibulawe iintsholongwane emva komsebenzi ngamnye, umgangatho kufuneka ubulawe iintsholongwane yonke imihla, udonga kufuneka lubulawe iintsholongwane qho ngeveki, kwaye indawo kufuneka icoceke kwaye ibulawe iintsholongwane qho ngenyanga ngokwenqanaba legumbi elicocekileyo kunye nemigangatho kunye neenkcukacha ezimiselweyo, kwaye iirekhodi kufuneka zigcinwe.
(2). Ulawulo lomoya kwigumbi elicocekileyo
Ngokubanzi, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha uyilo olufanelekileyo lwegumbi elicocekileyo, ukwenza ulondolozo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokubeka iliso imihla ngemihla. Ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikwe ekubekweni iliso kwiibhaktheriya ezidadayo kumagumbi acocekileyo eyeza. Iibhaktheriya ezidadayo kwindawo zikhutshwa sisampulu sebhaktheriya ezidadayo ukuze kukhutshwe umoya othile kwindawo leyo. Ukuhamba komoya kudlula kwisitya soqhagamshelwano esizaliswe yindawo ethile yokukhulisa. Isitya soqhagamshelwano siya kubamba iintsholongwane, size emva koko isitya sibekwa kwi-incubator ukuze kubalwe inani leekholoni kwaye kubalwe inani leentsholongwane ezikwindawo leyo. Iintsholongwane ezikwindawo yokukhulisa kufuneka zifunyanwe, kusetyenziswa isampulu yebhaktheriya ezidadayo ehambelanayo. Umgaqo wokusebenza ufana nowokuthatha iisampulu zendawo, ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokuthatha iisampulu kufuneka ibekwe kwi-laminar. Ukuba umoya oxineneyo uyafuneka kwigumbi elicocekileyo, kuyimfuneko ukwenza uvavanyo lweentsholongwane emoyeni oxineneyo. Ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokufumana umoya oxineneyo esihambelanayo, uxinzelelo lomoya lomoya oxineneyo kufuneka lulungiswe lube kuluhlu olufanelekileyo ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa kweentsholongwane kunye nemithombo yenkcubeko.
(3). Iimfuno zabasebenzi kwigumbi elicocekileyo
Abasebenzi abasebenza kumagumbi acocekileyo kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho oluqhelekileyo kwithiyori yokulawula ungcoliseko. Bangena baze baphume kwigumbi elicocekileyo ngee-airlocks, ii-air shawars kunye/okanye amagumbi okutshintshela, kwaye kufuneka banxibe impahla eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukugubungela ulusu kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo ezenzeka ngokwemvelo emzimbeni. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlu okanye umsebenzi wegumbi elicocekileyo, impahla yabasebenzi inokufuna ukhuseleko olulula nje ngeengubo zelebhu kunye nee-hoods, okanye inokugqunywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ingavezi naluphi na ulusu. Impahla ecocekileyo yegumbi isetyenziselwa ukuthintela amasuntswana kunye/okanye iintsholongwane ukuba zingaphumi emzimbeni womntu onxibe impahla kwaye zingcolise okusingqongileyo.
Iimpahla zegumbi ezicocekileyo ngokwazo akufuneki zikhuphe amasuntswana okanye imicu ukuthintela ungcoliseko lwendalo. Olu hlobo longcoliseko lwabasebenzi lunokunciphisa ukusebenza kwemveliso kumashishini e-semiconductor kunye namayeza, kwaye lunokukhokelela kusulelo oludibeneyo phakathi kwabasebenzi bezonyango kunye nezigulana kushishino lwezempilo, umzekelo. Izixhobo zokukhusela igumbi ezicocekileyo ziquka iimpahla zokukhusela, izihlangu, izihlangu, ii-apron, izigqubuthelo zeendevu, iminqwazi ejikelezileyo, iimaski, iimpahla zomsebenzi/iidyasi zelebhu, iigowns, iiglavu kunye neebhedi zeminwe, imikhono kunye nezigqubuthelo zezihlangu kunye neebhutsi. Uhlobo lweempahla zegumbi ezicocekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kufuneka zibonise igumbi elicocekileyo kunye nodidi lwemveliso. Amagumbi acocekileyo asezantsi anokufuna izihlangu ezikhethekileyo ezineentla ezigudileyo ngokupheleleyo ezingayi kuma eluthulini okanye eluthulini. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko, iintende zezihlangu azinakubangela ingozi yokutyibilika. Iimpahla zegumbi ezicocekileyo zihlala zifuneka ukuze kungene kwigumbi elicocekileyo. Iidyasi zelebhu ezilula, izigqubuthelo zentloko kunye nezigqubuthelo zezihlangu zingasetyenziselwa igumbi elicocekileyo leKlasi 10,000. Kwigumbi elicocekileyo leKlasi 100, kufuneka ii-wraps zomzimba wonke, iimpahla zokukhusela ezineziphu, iiglasi, iimaski, iiglavu kunye nezigqubuthelo zeebhutsi. Ukongeza, inani labantu kwigumbi elicocekileyo kufuneka lilawulwe, ngokomyinge we-4 ukuya kwi-6 m2/umntu, kwaye umsebenzi kufuneka ube mnene, kuthintelwe iintshukumo ezinkulu nezikhawulezayo.
5. Iindlela zokubulala iintsholongwane ezisetyenziswa rhoqo kwigumbi elicocekileyo
(1). Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwi-UV
(2). Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwi-ozone
(3). Ukubulala iintsholongwane ngegesi Izinto zokubulala iintsholongwane ziquka i-formaldehyde, i-epoxyethane, i-peroxyacetic acid, i-carbolic acid kunye nemixube ye-lactic acid, njl.
(4) Izibulali-ntsholongwane
Izibulali-ntsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-isopropyl alcohol (75%), i-ethanol (75%), i-glutaraldehyde, i-Chlorhexidine, njl. Indlela yendabuko yokubulala iintsholongwane kumagumbi angenazintsholongwane kwiifektri zamayeza zaseTshayina kukusebenzisa i-formaldehyde fumigation. Iifektri zamayeza zamanye amazwe zikholelwa ukuba i-formaldehyde inobungozi emzimbeni womntu. Ngoku ngokubanzi zisebenzisa i-glutaraldehyde spray. Isibulali-ntsholongwane esisetyenziswa kumagumbi angenazintsholongwane kufuneka sicocwe kwaye sihluzwe nge-membrane yesihluzo ye-0.22μm kwikhabhathi yokhuseleko lwebhayoloji.
6. Uhlu lwegumbi elicocekileyo
Igumbi elicocekileyo lihlulwe ngokwenani kunye nobukhulu beesuntswana ezivunyelweyo ngomthamo womoya. Amanani amakhulu afana ne-"Class 100" okanye "Class 1000" abhekisa kwi-FED-STD-209E, ebonisa inani leesuntswana ezingama-0.5μm okanye ezinkulu ezivunyelweyo nge-cubic foot yomoya. Umgangatho ukwavumela ukufakelwa; umzekelo, i-SNOLAB igcinwa kwigumbi elicocekileyo leClass 2000. Iikhawuntara zomoya ezisasaza ukukhanya okucacileyo zisetyenziselwa ukumisela uxinzelelo lweesuntswana ezisemoyeni ezilingana okanye ezinkulu kunobungakanani obuchaziweyo kwindawo ethile yesampulu.
Ixabiso ledesimali libhekisa kumgangatho we-ISO 14644-1, ochaza i-decimal logarithm yenani lamasuntswana angama-0.1μm okanye amakhulu avumelekileyo nge-cubic meter yomoya. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, igumbi elicocekileyo le-ISO Class 5 linamasuntswana angama-105/m3. Zombini i-FS 209E kunye ne-ISO 14644-1 zicinga ukuba kukho ubudlelwane be-logarithmic phakathi kobukhulu bamasuntswana kunye noxinzelelo lwamasuntswana. Ke ngoko, uxinzelelo lwamasuntswana alukho. Ezinye iiklasi azifuni kuvavanywa ubungakanani obuthile bamasuntswana kuba uxinzelelo luphantsi kakhulu okanye luphezulu kakhulu ukuba lunokwenzeka, kodwa ezo ndawo zingenanto akufuneki zithathwe njengezinga-zero. Ekubeni i-1m3 imalunga ne-35 cubic feet, le migangatho mibini ilingana xa kulinganiswa amasuntswana angama-0.5μm. Umoya oqhelekileyo wangaphakathi umalunga ne-Class 1,000,000 okanye i-ISO 9.
I-ISO 14644-1 kunye ne-ISO 14698 yimigangatho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ephuhliswe yi-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). Eyokuqala isebenza kwigumbi elicocekileyo ngokubanzi; eyesibini isebenza kwigumbi elicocekileyo apho ungcoliseko lwezinto eziphilayo lunokuba yingxaki.
Iiarhente zolawulo ezikhoyo ngoku ziquka: i-ISO, i-USP 800, i-US Federal Standard 209E (umgangatho wangaphambili, osasetyenziswayo) UMthetho woMgangatho noKhuseleko lwaMayeza (i-DQSA) wasekwa ngoNovemba ka-2013 ukujongana nokufa okwandisa iziyobisi kunye neziganeko ezimbi kakhulu. UMthetho woKutya, aMayeza, kunye neZithambiso we-Federal (uMthetho we-FD&C) umisela izikhokelo ezithile kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yeendlela zabantu. I-503A ijongwa ngabasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo (iingcali zekhemesti/oogqirha) ziiarhente ezigunyazisiweyo zikarhulumente okanye zikarhulumente. I-503B inxulumene nokunikezelwa kwezibonelelo ngaphandle kwaye ifuna ukubekwa esweni ngokuthe ngqo yingcali yekhemesti enelayisenisi kwaye akufuneki ibe yikhemesti enelayisenisi. Izibonelelo zifumana iilayisenisi nge-Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Izikhokelo ze-EU GMP zingqongqo kunezinye izikhokelo kwaye zifuna indawo ecocekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe ukubalwa kwamasuntswana xa esebenza (ngexesha lokuvelisa) naxa uphumle (xa kungekho mveliso iqhubekayo kodwa igumbi le-AHU livuliwe).
8. Imibuzo evela kubafundi abasaqalayo kwilabhoratri
(1). Ungena kwaye uphuma njani kwigumbi elicocekileyo? Abantu kunye neempahla bangena kwaye baphuma ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokungena kunye nezokuphuma. Abantu bangena kwaye baphuma ngee-airlocks (abanye bane-air shawa) okanye abangenazo ii-airlocks kwaye banxiba izixhobo zokukhusela ezifana nee-hoods, iimaski, iiglavu, iibhutsi kunye neempahla zokukhusela. Oku kwenzelwa ukunciphisa nokuvala amasuntswana aziswe ngabantu abangena kwigumbi elicocekileyo. Iimpahla zingena kwaye ziphuma kwigumbi elicocekileyo ngetshaneli yemithwalo.
(2). Ngaba kukho into ekhethekileyo malunga noyilo lwegumbi elicocekileyo? Ukukhetha izixhobo zokwakha igumbi elicocekileyo akufuneki kuvelise naziphi na iisuntswana, ngoko ke uphahla olupheleleyo lwe-epoxy okanye i-polyurethane luyathandwa. Iipaneli zokwahlulahlula zesandwich zentsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye ezigqunywe ngomgubo kunye neepaneli zesilingi ziyasetyenziswa. Iikona ezineekona zasekunene ziyathintelwa yimiphezulu egobileyo. Zonke ii-joints ukusuka kwikona ukuya kumgangatho kunye nekona ukuya eluphahleni kufuneka zivalwe nge-epoxy sealant ukuthintela nakuphi na ukufakwa kweesuntswana okanye ukuveliswa kwee-joints. Izixhobo ezikwigumbi elicocekileyo zenzelwe ukuvelisa ungcoliseko lomoya oluncinci. Sebenzisa kuphela ii-mops kunye neebhakethi ezenziwe ngokukodwa. Ifenitshala yegumbi elicocekileyo kufuneka yenzelwe ukuvelisa iisuntswana ezincinci kwaye kube lula ukuzicoca.
(3). Ungayikhetha njani isibulali-ntsholongwane esifanelekileyo? Okokuqala, kufuneka kwenziwe uhlalutyo lokusingqongileyo ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lweentsholongwane ezingcolisiweyo ngokubeka esweni ukusingqongileyo. Inyathelo elilandelayo kukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi isibulali-ntsholongwane esinokubulala inani elaziwayo leentsholongwane. Ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe uvavanyo lokufa ngexesha lokudibana (indlela yokuxuba ityhubhu yovavanyo okanye indlela yezinto eziphezulu) okanye uvavanyo lwe-AOAC, izibulali-ntsholongwane ezikhoyo kufuneka zihlolwe kwaye ziqinisekiswe ukuba zifanelekile. Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwigumbi elicocekileyo, ngokubanzi kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeendlela zokujikeleza izibulali-ntsholongwane: ① Ukujikeleza kwesinye isibulali-ntsholongwane kunye nesinye i-sporicide, ② Ukujikeleza kwezibulali-ntsholongwane ezimbini kunye nesinye i-sporicide. Emva kokuba inkqubo yokubulala iintsholongwane ifunyenwe, uvavanyo lokusebenza kweentsholongwane lunokwenziwa ukubonelela ngesiseko sokukhetha izibulali-ntsholongwane. Emva kokugqiba uvavanyo lokusebenza kweentsholongwane, kufuneka uvavanyo lwesifundo sasentsimini. Le yindlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-SOP yokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kunye novavanyo lokusebenza kweentsholongwane lwe-bactericidal ziyasebenza na. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iintsholongwane ezingakhange zibonwe ngaphambili zinokuvela, kwaye iinkqubo zemveliso, abasebenzi, njl. nazo zinokutshintsha, ngoko ke ii-SOP zokucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisasebenza na kwimeko-bume yangoku.
(4). Iipaseji ezicocekileyo okanye iipaseji ezimdaka? Iipowder ezifana neetablethi okanye iicapsules ziipaseji ezicocekileyo, ngelixa amayeza acocekileyo, amayeza olwelo, njl.njl. ziipaseji ezimdaka. Ngokubanzi, iimveliso zamayeza ezinomswakama omncinci ezifana neetablethi okanye iicapsules zomile kwaye zinothuli, ngoko ke kukho ithuba elikhulu lomngcipheko omkhulu wokungcola okunqamlezileyo. Ukuba umahluko woxinzelelo phakathi kwendawo ecocekileyo kunye nepaseji ulungile, umgubo uya kuphuma kwigumbi uye kwipaseji uze emva koko udluliselwe kwigumbi elilandelayo elicocekileyo. Ngethamsanqa, uninzi lwamalungiselelo omileyo aluxhasi lula ukukhula kweentsholongwane, ngoko ke ngokomthetho jikelele, iitablethi kunye neepowders zenziwa kwiindawo ezicocekileyo zepaseji kuba iintsholongwane ezidada kwipaseji azinakufumana indawo apho zinokukhula khona. Oku kuthetha ukuba igumbi linoxinzelelo olubi kwipaseji. Kwiimveliso zamayeza acocekileyo (ezicutshungulwayo), ezingasebenzi kakuhle okanye eziphantsi kwe-bioburden kunye nemveliso zamayeza olwelo, iintsholongwane zihlala zifumana iinkcubeko ezixhasayo apho zinokukhula khona, okanye kwimeko yeemveliso ezicutshungulwayo ezicocekileyo, intsholongwane enye inokuba yintlekele. Ke ngoko, ezi ndawo zihlala ziyilwe ngeepaseji ezimdaka kuba injongo kukugcina iintsholongwane ezinokubakho zingangeni kwigumbi elicocekileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Februwari-20-2025